ࡱ> ML7'(    rhttp://owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/general/index.htmlrhttp://owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/general/index.html/ 0LDArialԖ6T0Ԗ0llf6T0@ .  @n?" dd@  @@`` 80dN      0AA@3ʚ;ʚ;g4&d&d4[6 T0ppp@ <4dddd8!0lf6 80___PPT10 ?  % " English 101Within a scientific paper, researchers typically explain four basic things: 1) What they did 2) Why they did it 3) What they found out 4) What they think it all means Write to convey understanding, not to impress. Use simple language whenever possible. Eliminate irrelevant information, no matter how interesting you think it is, or how hard you worked to gather it. It is a distraction.BLZ\ZZL\A Writing Lesson"fuzzy writing reflects fuzzy thinking." When people have difficulty translating their ideas into words, they generally do not know the material as well as they think.$&Passive and Active VoicesVoice refers to the relationship of a verb to its subject. In Passive Voice, the subject receives the verb's action. Passive voice is an abstract style of writing based on to be verbs such as is, was and were. In Active Voice, the subject acts ~> a  Passive VoiceuA cracker is wanted by Polly. Papers are written by scientists. It was suggested that the experiment be terminated. Active VoiceWPolly wants a cracker Students write papers. I suggested that we end the experiment.Passive vs ActivexThe growth of bacteria was studied. Bacteria were grown in the presence of varying concentrations of penicillin. It was learned that bacterial growth is inhibited by penicillin. We wanted to understand how penicillin affects growth of bacteria. We grew bacteria in the presence of varying concentrations of penicillin. We learned that penicillin inhibits growth of bacteria. yZy Passive Voice*Passive voice is useful for adding variety, softening commands, avoiding embarrassment and slowing the pace of writing and reading. Passive voice is effective when you want to stress what was done rather than who did it "Darwin's The Origin of Species was published in 1859. *Z9Z9 Passive VoicePassive voice is also useful when you want to avoid accountability Passive -  Funds were found to be missing" Active - "I stole the money." &DLDL  Passive Voice7Passive voice makes sense when the agent performing the action is obvious, unimportant, or unknown or the writer wishes to avoid mentioning the agent at all. The passive voice is effective in such circumstances because it highlights the action and what is acted upon rather than the agent performing the action.  Passive VoiceIn the scientific world, the actions of a researcher are ideally not supposed to affect the outcome of an experiment; the experiment is supposed to be the same no matter who carries it out.   Passive VoicesThe American National Standards for the Preparation of Scientific Papers for Written Or Oral Presentations,, states that, "When a verb concerns action by the author, the first person should be used, especially in matters of experimental design." If the purpose of your paper is to tell what you did and observed, then the word l or we should appear at the beginning of sentences and clauses. Insisting on using verbiage such as "the authors" or "the writers of this paper" achieves no modesty and is pompous, distant and stuffy. Biology is the great adventure of our time. Let's not suffocate it with passive, abstract writing.BtZG&   Active Voice 'We wish to suggest a structure for the salt of the deoxyribose nucleic acid (D.N.A.). James Watson and Francis Crick&YY5 8   Passive VoiceGreenbug (Schizaphis graminum) infestations were sampled from hard red winter wheat fields in Oklahoma 115 times between 1997 and 1999. Sequential sampling methods were used to calculate economic thresholds of 3 or 6 bugs per tiller for fall infestations, and 6 or 9 bugs per tiller for spring infestations. It was found that statistical models for presence/absence sampling explained over 95% of the variance in the number of bugs per tiller. Sequential sampling plans for fall and spring infestations were developed based on presence/absence models. The models will be useful to wheat growers and crop consultants because they will make it easier and less time consuming for them to determine when to treat fields with insecticide. The models are a significant improvement over the currently recommended method based on counting the number of greenbugs per foot of crop row, because they are more accurate and less time consuming.PH 0 O VerbsBVerbs are strongest when they are precise and concrete. For verbs, "concrete" is the quality of expressing real movement in the real world. Strong verbs tell us exactly what is done. Verbs have a natural hierarchy, from strongest to weakest: Doing (strongest) Saying Thinking or feeling Being done to Being (weakest) BZPZZPVerbsxAmbiguous  attended, participated, studied, was involved in, Meaningful  devised, developed, discovered, identified, conceived, implemented, screened, proposed, originated, described  Stacked modifiers Not good: Largemouth bass muscle tissue mercury concentrations were significantly higher in seepage lakes. Better: Mercury concentrations in muscle tissue from largemouth bass were significantly higher in seepage lakes. .el Misplaced modifiersNot good: Using SAS regression procedures, larger pigs were found to have higher levels of blood glucose. Better: Larger pigs had higher levels of blood glucose. .c3Jargonutilize  use in order to - to prior to  before subsequent to  after this point in time  now  ResourcesNASA A Handbook for Technical Writers and Editors http://stipo.larc.nasa.gov/sp7084/sp7084cont.html Michigan eLibrary http://mel.org/viewtopic.jsp?id=1927&pathid=2455 Purdue Online Writing Lab http://owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/general/index.html 2Z3ZZ1ZZ;Z-21;  <n,9J0  0` 33` Sf3f` 33g` f` www3PP` ZXdbmo` \ғ3y`Ӣ` 3f3ff` 3f3FKf` hk]wwwfܹ` ff>>\`Y{ff` R>&- {p_/̴>?" dd@,|?" dd@   " @ ` n?" dd@   @@``PR    @ ` ` p>> $(    66  `} 6 T Click to edit Master title style! !  0Hr6  ` 6 RClick to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level!     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